My friend Casey helpfully pointed to a study from a well-respected author, though working at an environmental organization. I snip the following from Table 8 of his piece:

	CO2	CH4
Total US emissions reduced by recycling (%)	1.5	9.0

These are the main greenhouse gasses (after water vapor, which stirs another thought, but we’ll get to that later), and recycling saves 1.5% CO₂ over what they would otherwise be. That’s nearly a rounding error, and probably close to his confidence interval, but we can say it’s at worst a wash with a less serious greenhouse gas being reduced noticeably (CH₄ at 9%).

So recycling is a net win, albeit a slight one, for greenhouse gas reduction.

That question settled, it brings to mind another question. Since it’s also fairly settled that, aside from aluminum, recycling always costs more than virgin production, the question turns to one of political economy: what is the opportunity cost of recycling? What other uses could the money spent on recycling be put, and would they get a bigger reduction in greenhouse gas emissions than recycling?

I’m not arguing anybody should stop recycling. All else being equal, it’s irresponsible not to recycle as much as you can. As an individual, using virgin products and landfilling your trash will definitely make your summers hotter and your weather more unpredictable.

Nevertheless, the public policy question of recycling versus other uses for the money should be asked, and answered with a view to the likelihood of implementing alternatives. If we could theoretically pump money into sequestration projects and reduce more atmospheric CO₂ than simply by recycling, it’s still pointless to stop recycling if the political capacity to transfer all those locally-spent funds to sequestration isn’t there.

But if we’re serious about global warming, it’s a good question to ask and answer.

While a few holdouts still imagine a conspiracy of climatologists, most libertarians accept the reality of global warming. I’ve actually been convinced of this for a while, and a few years ago was convinced that manmade emissions were the primary cause.

So I’ve been looking for ways to reduce my own footprint. I walk to work, I drive a reasonably efficient car, take public transportation when it’s feasible, have a stock of compact fluorescent bulbs slowly replacing my old incandescents, and I recycle (I’ve actually done that last for around thirty years).

Acknowledging that carbon dioxide emissions are the greatest current environmental threat has had a bracing effect on the environmental debate. Objections to hydro, wind (I haven’t been a fan–no pun intended–because I’m a bird lover and only recently have those concerns been addressed), and even nuclear power have fallen aside due to their zero-emission of CO2.

In the face of this threat, it’s clearly time to reexamine our conventional thinking. Many libertarians–myself included–favor a carbon tax as the best, fastest way to move to a low-carbon lifestyle. Yep–we’re in it with Al Gore. But recently I’ve begun to think about recycling.

I’ve found numerous assertions on the web that recycling material emits less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But I haven’t been able to find data that consumer recycling actually does that in total. To follow me, let’s look at what has to happen:

1. A truck has to come and collect your waste. This is a separate truck collecting a lower volume of material per mile than your regular garbage truck.
2. That truck has to go to a processing facility, which has motorized conveyor belts to separate and verify each type of recycling–paper, plastic, glass, metal, etc.
3. Another set of trucks take the sorted material to a recycling plant.
4. That recycling plant uses varying amounts of possibly dirty energy to clean, process, or even melt down the items back into raw material (or in rare cases simply cleans the material for reuse, as in the case of the old green Coke bottles).
5. No recycling process to my knowledge is 100% efficient, so there’s some waste generated at this stage. After all, the wrappers on those cans and plastic bottles have to go somewhere, even if all the basic material were perfectly reused (which I’ll bet a lot of money it isn’t.
6. That recycling process will probably require other inputs, which require more trucks and mining/harvesting equipment, plus its own processing.
7. Once back into useable raw material, that material will have to go to another facility for re-manufacturing. Another truck run (unless it’s all together, but that seems unlikely to me).
8. That re-manufacturing plant takes energy.
9. That re-manufacturing plant requires still other raw materials, which require trucks and mining/harvesting equipment, plus its own processing.

In order for recycling to generate less carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gasses) than using virgin material, that whole process must produce lower emissions than mining, transporting, refining, transporting, and manufacturing the original product. It isn’t obvious to me that the whole process will always work more efficiently.

Then you have to consider both the origin and fate of virgin material. Paper, for example, largely comes from forests that are planted just for the production of paper. So there is generally not much loss of forest in producing paper. That paper, if not recycled, goes to a landfill, where it and its carbon are buried–not in the atmosphere. Oxygen is generally unavailable, so decomposition and the return of carbon to the atmosphere is slow. So at least some of that carbon is now taken from a carbon sink (a forest) and sequestered (buried). Some of it will resurface, but some landfills also reuse methane emissions for power generation. Meanwhile a new crop of paper trees are growing, and the sequestration continues. There are possibly aspects I’m not considering, but I think this is a reasonable statement of the process.

Metal recycling, on the other hand, may be a big win. The energy required to melt it down is likely less than the total used to go dig up ore, extract the metal, and melt the result down. But I don’t know that for sure.

Plastic is a question mark for me. It seems like it could go either way, depending on the relative energy of virgin manufacture versus recycling, and to what extent recycling will displace the virgin material.

The good news for someone concerned is that I can’t see how the first two Rs of the three Rs of environmentalism–Reduce, Reuse, (and Recycle)–could not be wins for reducing carbon emissions. Certainly the material you don’t use is a win. And if something’s been produced, like a plastic spoon, every time you reuse it you’re replacing a whole chain of events that result in a new one (plus the whole chain of waste disposal). Reducing and reusing seem to be economic and environmental no-brainers, and I plan to continue washing plastic spoons in good conscience (mindful of the energy used to heat water for washing and treat it after I get it soapy).

So which is it? Have you seen reliable studies (as opposed to government, corporate, or activist pamphleteering)? Has someone specifically done these calculations?

I’ll probably continue recycling in the meantime. It may be a myth, but my conservationist senses tell me it’s better to reuse what you have rather than go disturb more habitat to get new stuff. But I’ll be ready to reconsider if the numbers come out against it.

But I’ll be looking for ways–within reason–to reduce and reuse without worry…unless someone can demonstrate that’s a myth, of course…

Ron Paul raised $4 million today, by my rough eyeball count.

4.

MILLION.

DOLLARS.

(not gold-backed)

Sure, I know this has all the weight of the Dean Campaign, except possibly less. I know the guy has a questionable history of crankery. I know he’s completely wrong on immigration and mostly wrong on abortion. But dammit if the guy hasn’t put out a much-needed reminder that liberty is something important, even in the Republican party.

Now if only Hillary could, I dunno, distance herself from Bush in foreign policy in some way. That might be a good answering move by the Democrats. Then they might see this kind of enthusiasm from someone besides billionaires.

And to those who say, “Well, sure, libertarians only give money when there’s someone saying what they want to hear,” I say, “Duh.” Try saying something we want to hear and some of that spare salary not used up by cheetos and World of Warcraft can find its way into your coffers.

Since Nick Gillespie was kind enough to give me a shout-out on a link I passed along to him on Hit and Run, I thought it only fair to acknowledge that my friend and blogger Jason Lefkowitz passed it to me. His line:

Jason A. Lefkowitz: The libertarian version: you LOSE one point for every bill you get through committee

In case you’re wondering, Ron Paul bats .000 on that one.

In programming, when you’re trying to solve a problem, you hypothesize about the cause and then test your hypothesis by implementing a solution. Then you re-test. If the problem is fixed (and no other problems arise), you’re done.

But sometimes you were just guessing at a solution, and it turns out you were wrong. Your fix doesn’t make it go away. At this point, a novice programmer will simply try another fix, and try and try until the problem goes away.

This is a bad idea. You have just introduced a lot of unpredictable new additions to your program, some of which may cause bugs themselves.

The experienced programmer, as soon as a given fix doesn’t work, will undo the fix. This means the program is no worse than it was before, and anything he does after this will be the only thing that fixes the problem.

All very well, but how does this relate to politics?

Politicians pass laws based on a theory of whatever social ill they’re attempting to cure. What routinely fails to happen is either measurement to see if the problem has gotten better or undoing the fix when it’s found not to work. Like novice programmers, they keep trying and trying and trying until the law is a morass of conflicting and confusing directives, most of which accomplish nothing in solving the problem and create several other problems of their own.

Case in point, the regulation of pseudoephedrine. Now you have to sign your life away, and if you buy some for yourself and a sick child, you might go over the limit you can buy in one time period. Yes, the law assumes children all buy their own Sudafed.

They were attempting to curtail the methamphetamine “menace” (a minor drug problem turned into a major class warfare weapon by yellow journalism and a drug enforcement beast that feeds on new crises). The problem is that people using over the counter drugs as raw materials to make meth were a tiny part of the supply. It was and remains much cheaper and safer to buy from dealers who are supplied with pure ephedrine from overseas and make it in factories. The availability hasn’t gone down, and the price hasn’t gone up (which would indicate the supply was reduced).

So you have the government jailing parents for buying too much cold medicine for their kids and you have a completely unchanged meth economy. Shouldn’t this tell them it’s time to hit the undo button on that law and try something else?

Another day, another Republican catches teh Gay. As usual, Radley Balko blames gay marriage, in this case, specifically Andrew Sullivan’s marriage.

But then, how could he avoid getting married with so many gay Republicans to choose from?

On the plus side, this probably means that if you want someone gay elected president, just vote for the most anti-gay Republican on the ballot and as long as you don’t mind hypocrisy, you’ll have achieved a first.

So if Rudy Giuliani has been “studying Middle Eastern terrorism since the Seventies,” and is such an expert on it, how did he not predict 9/11 or take steps to harden New York City against the attack he must have known was coming?

After all, since it’s silly to consider Iraq as the justification terrorists use for attacking New York City, he must have known that the licentious freedom New York is famous for would bring them in…you know, since they did it to that same target once before…

Maybe this is why he took so many steps to curb the freedom of New Yorkers. You see, they hate us for our freedom, so the Not-a-Coward answer must be to become more like the terrorists and give into their demands so they’ll hate us less, right?

Rudy Giuliani: prevent terrorism by surrendering to sharia. That’s the Republican Party way of doing things! Real men surrender!

Veterans of the late, lamented Suck–whom I’ve had the privilege of watching riff in person–Nick Gillespie and Tim Cavanaugh, reunite for a review of various blogs at Jewcy.

Read it–it will make you a better person.

Samples:

Crammed in with all the reporting on fighter drones and hand phasers and plasma UFOs there's this tidbit about a cop so wimpy he panicked and called 911 after feeding his wife some pot brownies. This is exactly the sort of "bad trip" or "bummer" we were warned about by luminaries ranging from Sonny Bono to Bro and Dude; and it's proof, as if we needed any more, that reality is just a crutch for people who can't handle drugs.

But I do owe you for a remarkable piece of advice—"Never pass up an opportunity to have sex on TV with Gore Vidal"—that I look forward to using at some point in the future, preferably after the Rapture has begun. (Are we even allowed to make Rapture jokes at Jewcy? Writing for this site, I haven't felt this Catholic since Mark Foley stopped IM'ing me).

HT: Julian Sanchez

Update: If you can’t suss out the unobtrusive links amongst the cloud of thrice-damned “tags” at the top of the story, today’s installment is in.

Jerry Falwell has kicked it. A shadow has been lightened across Lynchburg, VA, an otherwise lovely town in the foothills of Virginia’s Blue Ridge mountains. But before everybody starts looking for the good in him, it’s worth remembering someone else who previously god threatened to call home, and what became of it.

Roberts said God had told him,

I want you to use the ORU medical school to put My medical presence in the earth. I want you to get this going in one year or I will call you home. It will cost $8 million and I want you to believe you can raise it.

The City of Faith medical clinic was closed later that year. In early 1988, all scholarships to the medical school were cancelled and students were required to repay large sums if they transferred to other schools. In 1989, the medical school was closed altogether.

Edit:…for clarity, I’m referring to Oral Roberts. Here’s the bad stuff Falwell has done to make him deserving of the nonexistent fires of hell: averred that the US deserved 9/11 because we’re sinners, inherited the PTL and looted it, declaimed Tinky Winky as an agent for the homosexual agenda, claimed AIDS was “god’s wrath” on homosexuals, and attempted to repress critics through the courts.

Fallwell had better hope I’m right about hell or the lack thereof.